Diabetic neuropathy won't usually affect one toe in isolation, or cause significant loss of sensation without pain or tingling/burning. It can precede the diagnosis of diabetes but that's not typical.
One numb big toe makes me think sciatica (S1 radiculopathy) but that's usually accompanied by the classic pattern of pain shooting down the back of the thigh. Another option would be neuropathy of the digital nerve to that toe, most likely compressive from tight footwear. In the latter case, if you can figure out what caused it and avoid further compression, it should recover within a couple of months.
― Plasmon, Thursday, 3 December 2015 14:01 (eight years ago) link